![]() In the present study, we compared the anxiolytic effects of binaural beat audio, music without a binaural beat, and no musical intervention on patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy. This is in the alpha range of brainwaves, which is associated with relaxation. For instance, for tones with frequencies of 450 Hz and 460 Hz delivered to the left and the right ears via headphones, the binaural beat frequency would be 10 Hz. The frequencies of these waves must be lower than 1000 hertz (Hz), and it is recommended that the frequencies of the 2 pitches be within 30 Hz. Binaural beat music comprises 2 audio waves with different frequencies that are separately presented to each ear. Neuropsychologists and clinicians have increasingly considered binaural beat music to be a therapeutic tool with potential in decreasing perioperative anxiety. Over 40 years ago, Gerald Oster described binaural beat music as a special type of audio. ![]() In particular, music is known to control the release of cortisol, which is an essential hormone implicated in stress responses. Musical sounds may affect emotional and physiological brain processes related to perioperative anxiety (e.g., blood pressure and heart rate). Listening to self-selected music prior to bronchoscopy reduces anxiety in patients with suspected lung cancer reported by Jeppesen et al. Wilson's meta-analysis revealed that listening to music during a bronchoscopy reduced blood pressure and heart rate among patients. Previous studies have demonstrated beneficial outcomes of music therapy, including a shorter operative time, decreased sedative drug use, and lower levels of pain. Music therapy has been suggested as a safe and affordable non-pharmacological means of reducing stress and anxiety in patients through a number of different interventional procedures. However, high doses of these drugs can lead to unfavorable side effects, such as cardiovascular and respiratory suppression. Accordingly, conscious sedation with opioids and/or benzodiazepines has been used to relieve patient discomfort and anxiety during the procedure. Most patients report feeling worried that the procedure will be painful, and may exhibit aspiration, breathing difficulties, and complications. A bronchoscopist is tasked with inserting the bronchoscope tube into the airways, usually through the nose or mouth, or occasionally through a tracheostomy. The procedure may include the collection of samples of lung tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage, and the removal of foreign bodies or mucus plugs. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy is a diagnostic and therapeutic respiratory procedure in which the inner airways are visualized using a camera.
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